Thank you, it's cool. Used for the first time because only then was the right drug. Very revealing detail: ordered Express shipping to get the order within 3 hours because didn't know how to get the order faster https://africarx.co.za/buy-cialis-south-africa.html The drug is authentic exactly. Consistent with the stated prices the Staff is knowledgeable.
Scholars.muet.edu.pk
Dependable Embedded Wired/Wireless Networks
In most cases packet requires multiple hops to make
The algorithms that chooses the routes is major area of
Properties for desirable Routing Algorithms
Correctness Simplicity Robustness Stability Fairness Optimality
used for selection of route simplest is “minimum hop” can be generalized as “least cost”
packet or virtual circuit basis fixed or dynamically changing
distributed - made by each node centralized source
Network Information Source and Update Timing
routing decisions usually based on knowledge of
• using local knowledge, info from adjacent nodes, info from
when is network info held by nodes updated fixed - never updated adaptive - regular updates
• Not based on measurement or estimate of current traffic and topology.
• The choice of route is computed in advance.
• called as Static Routing/Fixed Routing.
• Change routing decisions to reflect change in topology, and traffic as well.
• They differ in where they get their information, and what metric is used
Direct delivery Indirect delivery Static routing Default routing
Distance vector routing Link state routing
• Where each node rep: router and each arc communication link.
There are many ways of measuring path length
• Number of hops. • Geographical distance. • Transmission delay. • Mean queuing. Note: In general, the label on arcs could be computed as function of distance, average traffic, measured delay and other factors. C(,-) E (,-) F (,-) D (,-) H (,-) F (,-) D (,-) H (,-) D (,-) H (,-) D (,-) D (,-)
packet sent by node to every neighboreventually multiple copies arrive at destinationno network info requiredeach packet is uniquely numbered so duplicates
need some way to limit incessant retransmission
nodes can remember packets already forwarded to
at least one packet will have taken minimum hop count
can be used to set up virtual circuit
useful to distribute information (eg. routing)
disadvantage is high traffic load generated
The previous algorithms do not consider load.
Flow Based Routing (cont…)
In some networks the mean data flow b/w pair of nodes
Under these conditions, where average traffic b/w i
and j is known in advance, and constant in time, it is
Flow Based Routing (cont…)
– Capacity– And average flow are known – It is possible to compute mean packet delay on that line
The routing problem than reduces to finding the routing
algorithm that produces minimum average delay for
Flow Based Routing (cont…)
Certain info must be known in advance.
• Subnet topology. • Traffic matrix Fi,j
• Tentative Routing algorithm must be chosen.
simplicity of flooding with much less loadnode selects one outgoing path for
selection can be random or round robina refinement is to select outgoing path based
no network info neededbut a random route is typically neither least
Distance Vector Routing Link State Routing
• Distributed Bellman Bellman--Ford Ford Algorithm. Ford--Fulkerson Fulkerson Algorithm.
It operates by maintaining a table(vector),
Giving best known distance to destination. Which line to use to get there.
These vectors are updated by exchanging
Each router maintain the routing table indexed
by, and containing one entry for each router in
The preferred outgoing line. The estimate of metric to that destination.
The router is assumed to know the “distance” to
Distance Vector routing works in theory. It has serious drawbacks. It reacts rapidly to good news. But leisurely to bad news.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR INTEGRATED INVASIVE C. Jack DeLoach1 and Raymond I. Carruthers2 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, 808 E. Blackland Road, Temple, Texas 76502 USA. 2 Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan PHILOSOPHY AND USAGES OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
BestCare Family Dental 88-09 Northern Boulevard Jackson Heights, N.Y. 11372 (718) 429-7744 Name _________________________________ Address __________________________________________________________________________________ Emergency Contact: Name ___________________ Dental Insurance: Phone _____________________ If you are completing this form for another person, what is your