Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that impairs a person’s ability to think clearly, manage his or her emotions, make decisions and relate to others. Like cancer or diabetes, it is a complex chronic medical illness affecting different people in different ways. It is not caused by bad parenting or personal weakness, but appears to be a result of problems with brain chemistry and structure, perhaps brain abnormalities that are present in very early life. People with schizophrenia are not dangerous, although their behavior can be quite unpredictable. Specific abnormalities that can be noted in individuals with schizophrenia include: delusions and hallucinations (i.e. belief that they are God or can that URTHER HELP AND
they can control other peoples’ minds); INFORMATION IS
ο alterations of the senses (i.e. hearing voices or seeing objects that don’t AVAILABLE AT
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an inability to sort and interpret incoming sensations, and an inability therefore to respond appropriately; CALL US AT:
ο changes in emotions, movements and behavior. FT. WAYNE: (260) 481-2700
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This neurological brain affects 2.2 million Americans today, or approximately BLUFFTON: (260) 824-1071
one percent of the population. Schizophrenia can affect anyone at any age, (260) 724-9669
but most cases develop between ages 16 and 30. www.parkcenter.org

Symptoms of Schizophrenia
In healthy people, the brain functions in such a way that incoming stimuli are sorted and interpreted, followed
by a logical response (e.g., saying "thank you" after a gift is given, realizing the potential outcome of arriving
late to work, etc.). Conversely, the inability of patients with schizophrenia to sort and interpret stimuli and
select appropriate responses is one of the hallmarks of the disease.
The symptoms of schizophrenia are generally divided into two categories, including positive and negative
symptoms.
• Overt Symptoms, or "psychotic" symptoms, include delusions, hallucinations and disorganized thinking
because the patient has lost touch with reality in certain important ways. Delusions cause the patient to believe that people are reading their minds or plotting against them, that others are secretly monitoring and threatening them, or that they can control other people’s thoughts. Hallucinations cause people to hear or see things that are not there. Approximately three-fourths of individuals with schizophrenia will hear voices (auditory hallucinations) at some time during their illness. Disorganized thinking, speech, and behavior affect most people with this illness. For example, people with schizophrenia sometimes have trouble communicating in coherent sentences or carrying on conversations with others; move more slowly, repeat rhythmic gestures or make movements such as walking in circles or pacing; and have diffi-culty making sense of everyday sights, sounds and feelings. • Negative Symptoms include emotional flatness or lack of expression, an inability to start and follow
through with activities, speech that is brief and lacks content, and a lack of pleasure or interest in life. "Negative" does not, therefore, refer to a person’s attitude, but to a lack of certain characteristics that should be there. Diagnosing Schizophrenia
To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, a patient must have psychotic, "loss-of-reality" symptoms for at least six
months and show increasing difficulty in functioning normally. Before the six-month period is reached, the person
is diagnosed as having a schizophreniform disorder.
Prior to a medical diagnosis, it is critically important that a doctor rule out other problems that may mimic schizo-
phrenia, such as psychotic symptoms caused by the use of drugs or other medical illnesses; major depressive
episode or manic episode with psychotic features; delusional disorder (no hallucinations, disorganized speech or
thought or "flattened" emotions) and autistic disorder or personality disorders (especially schizotypal, schizoid, or
paranoid personality disorders). Schizoaffective disorder is a diagnosis used to indicate that the person has an
illness with a mix of symptoms of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Although the cause of schizophrenia has not yet been identified, recent research suggests that schizophrenia is
linked to abnormalities of brain chemistry and brain structure. Genes play some role, but the magnitude of that
role remains to be ascertained. Abnormalities of neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine, serotonin) and viruses also
are under investigation. The brain changes in some cases are suspected to date to childhood. Brain-imaging
technology has demonstrated that schizophrenia is as much an organic brain disorder as is multiple sclerosis,
Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease.
Treating Schizophrenia
While there is no cure for schizophrenia, it is a highly treatable disorder. In fact, according to the National Advisory Mental Health Council, the treatment success rate for schizophrenia is comparable to the treatment success rate for heart disease. It is important to diagnose and treat schizophrenia as early as possible to help people avoid or reduce frequent relapses and re-hospitalizations. Several promising, large-scale studies suggest early intervention may forestall the worst long-term outcomes of this devastating brain disorder. People who experience acute symptoms of schizophrenia may require intensive treatment, sometimes including hospitalization. Hospitalization is necessary to treat severe delusions or hallucinations, serious suicidal inclina-tions, inability to care for oneself, or severe problems with drugs or alcohol. It is critical that people with schizophrenia stay in treatment even after recovering from an acute episode. About 80 percent of those who stop taking their medications after an acute episode will have a relapse within one year, whereas only 30 percent of those who continue their medications will experience a relapse in the same time period. Medication appears to improve the long-term prognosis for many people with schizophrenia. Studies show that after 10 years of treatment, one-fourth of those with schizophrenia have recovered completely, one-fourth have improved considerably, and one-fourth have improved modestly. Fifteen percent have not improved, and 10 percent are dead. Individuals with schizophrenia die at a younger age than do healthy people. Males have a 5.1 greater than expected early mortality rate than the general population, and females have a 5.6 greater risk of early death. Suicide is the single largest contributor to this excess mortality rate, which is 10 to 13 percent higher in schizo-phrenia than the general population. Suicide is in fact the number one cause of premature death among people with schizophrenia, with an esti-
mated 10 percent to 13 percent killing themselves. The extreme depression and psychoses that can result due
to lack of treatment are the usual culprits in these sad cases. These suicides rates can be compared to the
general population, which is somewhere around 0.01%. Other contributors to excess mortality include:
• Accidents: Although individuals with schizophrenia do not drive as much as other people, studies have
shown that they have double the rate of motor vehicle accidents per mile driven. A significant but unknown number of individuals with schizophrenia also are killed as pedestrians by motor vehicles. • Diseases: There is some evidence that individuals with schizophrenia have more infections, heart disease, type
II (adult onset) diabetes, and female breast cancer, all of which might increase their mortality rate. Individuals with schizophrenia who become sick are less able to explain their symptoms to medical personnel, and medical personnel are more likely to disregard their complaints and assume that they are simply part of the illness. There also is evidence that some persons with schizophrenia have an elevated pain threshold so they may not com-plain of symptoms until the disease has progressed too far to be treatable. • Homelessness: Although it has not been well studied to date, it appears that homelessness increases the mor-
tality rate of individuals with schizophrenia by making them even more susceptible to accidents and diseases.
One of the most effective tools in treating schizophrenia is an Assertive Community Treatment (PACT), an intensive
team effort in local communities and in Fort Wayne with Park Center, to help people stay out of the hospital and live
independently. Serving as a hospital without walls, ACT professionals are available around the clock and meet their
clients where they live, providing at-home support at whatever level is needed, for whatever problems need to be
solved. Professionals can make sure that clients are taking their medication and help them meet the challenges of
daily life – every day tasks ranging from grocery shopping and keeping doctor appointments to managing money and
getting along with others. While ACT programs are an excellent means for delivering outpatient services, research
demonstrates that they improve medication compliance for some, but not all, patients.
Antipsychotic Medications
Antipsychotic drugs are used in the treatment of schizophrenia. These medications help relieve the delusions, hallucinations, and thinking problems associated with this devastating disorder. Scientists believe the drugs work by correcting imbalances in the chemicals that help brain cells communicate with one another. As with drug treatments for other physical illnesses, many patients with severe mental illnesses may need to try several different antipsychotic medications before they find the one, or the combination of medications, that works best for them. • Conventional or Standard Antipsychotics include: chlorpromazine (Thorazine); fluphenazine (Prolixin);
haloperidol (Haldol); thiothixene (Navane); trifluoperazine (Stelazine); perphenazine (Trilafon) and thioridaz-ine (Mellaril). • Atypical Antipsychotics are newer drugs with fewer side effects and include risperidone (Risperdal);
clozapine (Clozaril) and olanzapine (Zyprexa).
Since these medications do not work immediately, experts recommend that doctors give the antipsychotic time to
take effect before switching to another antipsychotic, adjusting the dose, or adding another medication.
Antipsychotic drugs are usually taken daily in tablet or liquid form. Fluphenazine (Prolixin) and haloperidol (Haldol),
for example, also can be given in long-acting injections (called "depot formulations") at one- to four-week intervals.
With depot formulations, medication is stored in the body and slowly released. This can be especially helpful for pa-
tients who have a hard time taking pills on a daily basis.
Possible Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medication
As a group, antipsychotic drugs are safe, and serious side effects are relatively rare. Some people may experience side effects that are inconvenient or unpleasant, but not serious. • Most common side effects: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and drowsiness. • Less common side effects: decreased sexual desire, menstrual changes, and stiff muscles on one • More serious side effects: restlessness, muscle stiffness, slurred speech, tremors of the hands or feet. Agranulocytosis, a decrease in the production of white blood cells, which occurs only when taking clozapine, requires monitoring of the blood every two weeks. • Tardive Dyskinesia is the most unpleasant and serious side effect of antipsychotic drugs causing
involuntary facial movements and sometimes jerking or twisting movements of other parts of the body. This condition usually develops in older patients, affecting 15 to 20 percent of those who have taken older antipsychotic drugs for years. In most cases, the tardive dyskinesia slowly goes away when the medication is stopped. How Can Families Help the Sufferer and Cope With the
Changes?
Above all, people suffering from schizophrenia need accurate diagnosis and early treatment of their ilness, but they also need understanding, compassion, and respect. Like anyone else with a serious chronic illness, a person with schizophrenia needs help to overcome the fear and isolation caused by the disorder and the stigma surrounding it. Because the illness impairs so many levels of functioning, some who have it need help with their physical care; from maintaining personal hygiene and healthy diet, to seeking and following medical treatment. Although effective treatment allows many people to return to a higher level of functioning, most people suffering from schizophrenia need help over the log-term to provide for their basic needs, including income, housing, food and clothing. If you suspect that someone you know and love has the disease, you need to help the person find effective medical treatment and encourage him or her to stay in it. A diagnosis of schizophrenia can be very difficult, not only for the ill person, but also for his or her family. If someone in your family has schizophrenia, you need love and support from others. Families who deal successfully with a relative who has schizophrenia are those who have come to accept the illness and its difficult consequences and develop some realistic expectations for the ill person and for themselves. Schizophrenia poses undeniably great hardships but it does not have to destroy family members. Family members need to take care of themselves, too. Besides a treatment provider, another source of support for family members is the Fort Wayne NAMI, the local chapter of the Alliance for the Mentally Ill. There are weekly family support meetings held on Tuesday, starting at 7 p.m. at the Carriage House, located at 3327 Lake Avenue, Ft. Wayne. To find out more about the meetings, contact: (260) 447-8990. For more information on this or any other mental health topic, contact:

Park Center is a private, nonprofit counseling and psychiatric center, offering a full continuum of behavioral healthcare including: outpatient, residential, addiction, home-based, managed care services and more. Our primary mission is to serve those most in need. This includes seriously emotionally disturbed children, adolescents, and seriously mentally ill adults. Park Center remains committed to quality, cost-effective behavioral health care for people of all ages in Allen, Adams, and Wells counties in order to promote their mental health and well-being. (260) 481-2700 or toll free 1-866-481-2700
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Source: http://www.parkcenter.org/pdf/schizophrenia.pdf