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EMC on the Internet (No. 26, Final) Traceability
Whenever I hear news about a new find of some ancient ruins, the thing I am most interested in is what period
the ruins date from. One particular method for dating ruins is to apply the tree-ring dating method by counting the
tree rings of excavated wood material that still has bark attached. An annual tree ring is highly sensitive to
environmental changes such as weather or the rainfall amount and so such changes are readily reflected in the tree
ring record. Being able to ascertain climatic changes provides this method with a special characteristic in
comparison with other physicochemical analytic methods of dating in that tree ring dating allows for dating in
units of a single year. One physicochemical analytic method, carbon-14 dating, utilizes radioactive carbon (C-14),
the concentration of which decreases by half every 5,730 years. C-14 is formed in the atmosphere from neutrons
containing gamma rays and nitrogen in the atmosphere, where it easily bonds with oxygen dispersing it
throughout the atmosphere. This dating method is based on the hypothesis that the concentration of C-14 in the
atmosphere is normally fixed. However, the amount of gamma rays that hit the earth fluctuates in accordance with
fluctuations in the earth’s terrestrial magnetism making is it necessary to adjust the level of C-14 production. For
this reason, C-14 is measured using a test sample of the tree ring dating method as a standard reference, and a
calibration curve is created and used a means for increasing accuracy.
In accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), ions are accelerated to yield test samples of just a few milligrams and
allowing for direct measurement of C-14 concentration. This method is an improvement in that miniscule amounts
of a test sample are used. This makes it easy to gather highly accurate test samples from excavated artifacts so that,
while the equipment used is quite large, it allows for a fairly precise level of verification. Although there are
various dating methods, they differ in the size of period units measured and in accuracy meaning that there is no
single universal method so that research attempting to trace a period must utilize a combination of the various
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B8%AC%E5%AE%9A
For an explanation of the radiometric C-14 dating method, go to:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating http://www.bunkaken.net/index.files/kihon/kagaku/c14.html
For information about the AMS method, see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry
http://www.g5-hakuto.jp/accelerator/NEC/ams/ouyou.html
For an article about AMS radiocarbon dating for the beginning of the Yayoi Period, see:
http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/kenkyuu/0725/index.html#01
Recently there has been a spate of headlining-grabbing incidents of disguised or intentionally mislabeled food
products involving meats, a confectionary maker, and souvenirs among other products.
What is interesting to note in these cases is the fact that they were not revealed due to the efforts of regulatory
authorities but rather they were exposed by whistleblowers. As consumers affected by such occurrences, we must
demand the establishment of traceability that permits us to understand the route of a product from manufacturer
through the distribution chain. Foodstuff traceability means assigning an individual identification to each piece or
lot of foodstuffs, and using tracing technology to track the products from production through distribution and to
the point of purchase while recording any events affecting the food such as application of pesticides, or the
loading and unloading of the product. Use of such technology will allow the consumer to perform “trace-back” by
following the path of food products from themselves back to the producer, providing information regarding where
it was produced and how it was distributed. Likewise, “trace-forward” refers to following the distribution path of
food products from producer to consumer. The introduction of traceability for foodstuffs will allow for consumers
and other third parties to verify the safety of their food by accessing the history and reputation of the producer or
distributor. Additionally, if some problem regarding food safety occurs, this system provides for the rapid and
precise identification of the extent of the problem’s impact.
One method for reducing public insecurity regarding food products and increasing their safety that has been
garnering a lot of attention is a food traceability system using RFID tags or two-dimensional bar codes that can
store various types of information, with this information accessed via mobile phone. RFID utilizes long wave (135
KHz and less), shortwave (13.56 MHz or less), UHF band (860 to 960 MHz, 433 MHz), and microwave (2.45
GHz, 5.8 GHz), and have been standardized by ISO 18000-2 to 7. In the distribution industry, EPCglobal has been
working on worldwide standards for frequencies, codes and protocols used by RFIDs.
You can visit the EPCglobal homepage to find out about international RFID standardization
For information about the current status of RFID, see:
http://www.ehdo.go.jp/niigata/npc/kouza/H19
The traceability homepage of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is available here:
For an article about livestock tracing, see:
Together with the continuing spread of RFID comes increased anxiety regarding exposure to electromagnetic
waves. Sensor gates located at the entrances of buildings such as libraries, bookstores and supermarkets are
regulated according to the guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
(ICNRP) as well as having to conform to any existing national standards although there are no research reports
regarding the health effects of such devices. However, as the use of electromagnetic waves is certainly only going
to increase, it is necessary to give ample consideration to the effects the exposure of electromagnetic waves may
have on the human body when developing such devices.
Given these factors, the amount of new devices using electromagnetic waves is certain to increase. For this
reason, EMC technicians will be called upon to trace out these new electromagnetic environments, and work in
collaboration with the institutions and agencies involved to achieve balanced electromagnetic environments.
For International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNRP) guidelines, see:
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jhps/j/information/nonioniz/icnirp.html
A report measuring electromagnetic waves at a library can be accessed at:
http://www.csij.org/04/electromagnetic/emf-paper_library.pdf
A timeline regarding public health hazards of electromagnetic waves is available at:
http://www.tecnoao-asia.com/press_nenpyo_00-09.html
For information about a knowledge platform established by the Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, see:
http://www2.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=10896
I have been writing about analogies between EMC and Japanese culture for six and a half years now and
regretfully announce that I am taking a temporary break from this column. I would like to express my warmest
regards to all you for kindly reading my column over the years.
University School of Engineering Science
Engaged in development of IT equipment at Hitachi Ltd.’s Taga Plant
Engaged in electromagnetic environment related education at Hitachi
Planning Manager at Hitachi Technical Research Institute
Ability InterBusiness Solutions, Inc. Tokyo Branch
An insulin pump can help you gain tighter control of your diabetes because it allows you to adjust your insulin doses according to your body’s needs. This minimises everyday high and low glucose swings and long-term complications. Insulin doses are also much more precise than any available pen or syringe and having only rapid-acting insulin in your system can give you more stable and predictabl
A David A. Damari, O.D. stereopsis, which was reported as “30 sec- Jeannette Liu, O.D. onds of arc/normal.” For the examination Karen Bell Smith, O.D. plaints, but her father was concerned be-cause of decreased working distance at the Abstract Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder now characterized as a mental disorder are (ADHD) is one of the most studied, and most c